Climate change a scapegoat | Expert says China’s water shortages are caused by catastrophic urbanization and construction mania
BEIJING, China (Reuters) — For China, global warming has become something of a convenient truth.
Beijing blames climate change for wreaking havoc on scarce water resources, but critics say the country’s headlong drive to build its industrial prowess and huge hydro projects are just as responsible.
The United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) says shrinking glaciers in central Asia and the Himalayas would affect water resources in downstream river catchments, which include China.
“Some regions are already near the critical temperature threshold,” it said in a draft summary report.
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“In parts of Asia, increases in flood and drought will exacerbate rural poverty, due to negative impacts on rice crops and increases in food prices and costs of living.”
Rising temperatures are likely to speed icecap melting in the Himalayas, which could bring first floods and then severe drought, with diminished seasonal melts unable to replenish China’s rivers, including the mighty Yangtze.
This year, China published a national “water census” showing that as many as 28,000 rivers logged in a government database had vanished since the 1990s, leaving slightly less than 23,000.
The census gave no reason for the disappearance, but China’s weather bureau said several major rivers, including the Yellow River, a massive northern waterway linking nine provinces, had been dwindling since 1970 and the trend was likely to continue.
“We have witnessed major fluctuations in precipitation in different parts of China,” said Ma Jun, a water expert and director of the Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs, which monitors China’s rivers.
“One thing in the mind of policy-makers and researchers is that climate change will add to uncertainties. In some areas, the water supply situation is already quite tense.”
However, rising temperatures are only part of China’s problems, many of which have resulted from overpopulation, aggressive industrialization and a reliance on elaborate engineering schemes to irrigate crops and harness scarce supplies.
“China’s water shortages stem more from problematic urbanization and water resource management, rather than the scapegoat of climate change,” said Zhou Lei, a fellow at Nanjing University who studies how industry affects the environment.
“In my home town in Jiangxi, the water system consisted of underground springs, ponds, wetlands, brooks, streams, and seasonal rivulets, but all these have been totally ruined in the last 20 years due to a catastrophic urbanization plan, a construction mania and transport megaprojects,” he said.
China has vowed to spend hundreds of billions of dollars to boost supplies, clean rivers and protect water tables.
However, even if supplies remain steady, water resources per person, now at 2,100 cubic metres, or 28 percent of the global average, are expected to decline further as the population grows. At the same time, Beijing still needs to feed its growing food, energy and industrial demand.
China has long sought to wring as much water as it can from its parched earth, but it is approaching the limits of what it can retrieve. Projections expect total annual demand to reach 700 to 800 billion cubic metres by 2030, only slightly lower than total available supplies.
“In the last 50 years we have mainly focused on expanding water supplies, but at this moment I think we have in many areas reached our limit and we need to shift our focus to conservation,” said Ma.
The reliance on megaprojects to solve shortages has created a vicious circle, channelling water to state-owned farms, giant industrial plants and hydropower stations, diverting natural flows and leaving surrounding areas more parched than before.
Some regions desperate for growth have been forced to choose between water and energy.
Gansu plans to build several giant hydro plants in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, defying warnings that this could restrict downstream water supplies.
Elsewhere, green groups say scarce water resources are being diverted from agriculture to profitable coal-fired power plants, with China building thirsty “coal production bases” in dry areas such as Inner Mongolia, Ningxia and Shaanxi.
However, even flood-prone southwestern provinces have suffered from droughts once regarded as unthinkable. In Yunnan, dozens of rivers have been dammed to generate power and complex canal systems built to improve irrigation.
Water diversion has made shortages more likely. Several rivers in the province have dried up over the last decade, and drought has been common. In April, hundreds of wells and streams dried up, creating a crisis for thousands of farmers.
“China is looking always at megaprojects rather than addressing the root causes,” said Zhou.
“They experiment with technologies to treat the problem, like the water transfer projects being done right now, but they are draining resources in a very wrong way.”
China has put its faith in elaborate engineering and technological solutions such as giant dams and diversion channels, as well as cloud seeding and desalination.
Its biggest megaproject of all is a vast system of canals known as the South-North Water Diversion project.
Opponents say the project, de-signed to connect the flood-prone Yangtze with the drought-hit Yellow River through three cross-country canals, including one in the far west where the two rivers originate, could worsen shortages.
“The negative impact of these big engineering projects could be quite serious and some of the problems could be transferred to other areas, especially in the west,” said Ma.
“We spent our resources mainly on engineering and on technologies to drill deeper, build dams and work on water diversion projects, but we need to work on conservation.”
